As you play Jenga, keep some of these tips in mind to give yourself a better chance of winning.īe patient. Jenga is a great game because it’s much harder than it looks. Another version is Giant Jenga, which stands over three feet tall. Another variant is Jenga Truth or Dare, which is designed for adults and incorporates the game Truth or Dare into Jenga play. There is a “Throw-and-Go Jenga” that includes throwing a die as part of the game. There have been many different variations of the game. The game ends when a player’s move causes the tower to fall or a block to fall out of the tower (other than the one the player is moving).
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The 4 hour group scored 16 times as many. The 6 hour group scored 11 times as many errors. Subjects allowed 8 hours in bed, which seems ample, still scored 3-4 times as many errors on the tests after 14 days than did the unrestricted subjects. In unspecified testing, subjects were allowed either unrestricted sleep, or 8 hours of time in bed per day, or 6, or 4, or zero. The Pentagon report also describes results of a psychomotor vigilance test, which is where you react to a visual stimulus on a computer screen by pushing a button or doing some such thing. The importance of this to potential combat situations is clear, and from that perspective, it's entirely plausible (in fact, almost certain) that something like the Russian Sleep Experiment would have been tried. Caffeine, for example, was found to confer resistance to slowed performance on tests of reaction speed and mental acuity, even after three straight days (72 hours) of high intensity training with no sleep but other skills like marksmanship declined almost as much as for those who took no caffeine. It said that 86 different drugs have been tried (oh where would human experimentation be without the military?) with "a small number" showing promise. In 2008, the Pentagon released an independent study commissioned by their Office of Defense Research and Engineering, titled simply Human Performance. This allowed the Somalis to be ready to fight at any time and to remain active well past the time the Americans became fatigued. During the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993, American special forces battled Somali fighters who chewed khat, a plant that is a powerful stimulant. Most world powers would love to have supersoldiers who can be active 24/7 without a vulnerable period of daily sleep, so most of them have invested in experimentation. But fortunately we are saved by the patron saint of unethical human experimentation: the military. We're hampered by the fact that experiments like this are unethical and would be hard to conduct today, so there isn't a lot of research out there. What would happen to people if they were forcibly deprived of sleep for that long? Would they go crazy, attacking and eating each other like zombies? Let's open our books of medical research and see how close to the truth the Russian Sleep Experiment might be. The interesting part comes when we ask whether the story is plausible. Sometimes a creepy story is just a creepy story.īut that's not the interesting part. Despite this, there are always conspiracy minded people insistent that the story is true, or was leaked from some secret government lab but no matter how strong their desire that this be the case, nobody has ever turned up anything like that. It's a widely published fact that the Russian Sleep Experiment was a piece of fiction, posted anonymously in 2010 to Creepy Pasta, a website that showcases scary fictional tales. Those questioning whether or not this was a true story didn't have to do very much work. It quickly became apparent that what they were digesting was their own flesh that they had ripped off and eaten over the course of days. The digestive tract of all four could be seen to be working, digesting food. All the blood vessels and organs remained intact, they had just been taken out and laid on the floor, fanning out around the eviscerated but still living bodies of the subjects. While the heart, lungs and diaphragm remained in place, the skin and most of the muscles attached to the ribs had been ripped off, exposing the lungs through the ribcage. The abdominal organs below the ribcage of all four test subjects had been removed. The destruction of flesh and exposed bone on their finger tips indicated that the wounds were inflicted by hand. All four 'surviving' test subjects also had large portions of muscle and skin torn away from their bodies. There were chunks of meat from the dead test subject's thighs and chest stuffed into the drain in the center of the chamber. The food rations past day 5 had not been so much as touched. Might something as grotesque as the Russian Sleep Experiment truly be within the scope of human possibility?Īccording to the story, the researchers cleared the gas from the chamber and entered, finding one of the five men dead: Today we're going to look into the story, and into the facts of sleep deprivation. After fifteen days the researchers entered the chamber, and found the men - sleep deprived beyond any human experience - had committed horrors that could scarcely be conceived. The subjects were five political prisoners, placed into a sealed chamber and exposed to a gas which prevented them from sleeping. It has become a permanent fixture in the fabric of Internet lore: the Russian Sleep Experiment, an account of a horrific experiment said to have been conducted in the Soviet Union in the late 1940s. If you were disappointed by the lack of new revelations presented in Episode One, you’ll get them here.Īlthough the length of a game doesn’t typically bother me, the fact of the matter is you’re getting more bang for your buck with Episode Two, as the core story will last you around five hours. You’ll also see a few appearances from the Lutece Twins, and characters you didn’t necessarily get to hang out with in person in past games. I’m talking tidbits fans really want to see, like more info on Big Daddies, Little Sisters, and a lot of the big personalities in the Bioshock universe. In addition to the uniquely improved gameplay, you’ll also get a lot more big-picture story in Burial at Sea Episode Two. Her only real weakness is the inability to take out enemies with melee attacks if she’s seen, but a quick cloak or a few moments of going into hiding will fix that. I had a lot of fun coming up with new ways to utilize Elizabeth’s style, and it felt like I was playing something utterly different - which is an accomplishment for a DLC episode, in my mind.Īlthough she might have less health than Booker she is still very much a formidable hero with a variety of weapons at her disposal like Noisemaker Darts to distract sentries, and gas darts to put multiple foes to sleep - plus, she still has a few standard guns like the handcannon and shotgun. Through the use of a brand new Plasmid called the Peeping Tom, she can also see through walls and momentarily cloak herself, adding a new dimension to your approach should you wish to use it. When slinking around carpeted floors muffle her steps, and objects like broken glass or puddles can give her away. This dedication to stealth is seen through nearly every facet of her gameplay. In a nutshell, Elizabeth’s style is Thief-like, which is a good franchise to draw inspiration from. Irrational really took a chance with the switch to a lower-key approach, and it paid off. Instead of the same old “shoot everything” strategy typically employed by Jack and Booker before her, Elizabeth must instead rely on tools like sleeping darts and stealth knockouts to stand a chance. Simply put, the transition into Elizabeth not only works on a macro level, but the stealth ploy is actually fun, as well as unique. She’ll have to do this by way of stealth, and without the use of her magical “tearing” ability (which is explained by way of the narrative). Just in case you need a quick refresher, a “Previously on BioShock” video is very helpful for those of you who forgot the gist of the first game. Elizabeth will find herself drawn into both the world of Rapture and Columbia, as she interacts with a variety of characters from both franchise worlds. So that leaves Burial at Sea Episode Two as Irrational’s last hurrah, and I’m pleased to say it’s a vast improvement upon the foundation that was built in Episode One.īioShock Infinite: Burial at Sea Episode Two (PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360)Īfter a fantastic opening that links the worlds of BioShock and Infinite, this episode of Burial at Sea picks up right after the prior DLC, but this time we’re in control of Elizabeth. It’s probably going to be a long time before we get to debate the merits of another BioShock game again though, considering the fact that Irrational Games has dissolved, and is handing over the franchise to 2K. Some loved it, some hated it, others reveled in its celebration of violence, some disapproved. BioShock Infinite had an interesting run, with player reception all over the board. AnimixPlay apk is completely safe to use. There is a balance between ads and real content on the app which retains the quality of content viewing. However, you would not have to put up with endless ads while watching movies or shows on this app. Like other free streaming apps, it is also an ad-supported app meaning it earns revenue from ads. However, you can access the premium version of the app if you are willing to access some exclusive anime content. AnimixPlay apk is completely free and lets you access a wide variety of anime content at no cost. Do you have to pay to watch anime on this app? In short, a rare treat to watch for anime-lovers for sure. It is one of the select apps that offer such a vast collection of dedicated anime content. You can watch a variety of anime content on Animix play which you may find hard to come across anywhere else. Finally, the installation should be complete, and enjoy Animix play as and when you like.ĪnimixPlay FAQs What kind of content can you get after AnimixPlay App download?.After that, open the app by clicking on apk file and allowing it to Install the app from an unknown source.Be sure it’s not a spammy site that could harm your system by installing a bot or virus. Now, look for AnimixPlay app download from its official website or another reliable source.Next, select the option to Install Apps from Unknown Sources and click on Allow.First, open Settings and go to Security on your device.Just follow these steps and you are good to go. Next, we will give you a simple guide to downloading the Animix play on your Android device. However, if you prefer to stay with the free version, you would not feel left out on anything much.Īlso read: Install Syncler APK: Get Free Access to Movies and TV Shows How To Download AnimixPlay on Android? Also, you can access the premium version of the app with a minimal fee which lets you in on some truly exclusive anime content. You can access it for free and rest assured about a very low frequency of ads while watching movies or shows. After using this app, we did not find any issues with loading time or any slowing down or lags while browsing through the app features. Both offer a simple interface and a refreshing range of features. Something anime-lovers would really cherish.Īnimix play can be accessed via its web version or through the app which can be downloaded onto your device. Users are not left to deal with a maze of options and app design is quite appealing as well. The app interface is very organized and makes it easy to look for any specific category of content. Imaginative Design, Highly Organized & Easy Options You will find a handpicked selection of anime content that you won’t find anywhere else. You can look up popular anime shows, search the movies database or choose from Sub or Dub sections which provide content with Subs and content dubbed into other languages respectively. Let’s find out what makes this app click. Here are some of the leading features which make Animix play a value-addition to users. You would find comparable content only on dedicated anime apps or websites most of which require a paid subscription. It has rapidly grown in size and popularity in recent times and today it stands way ahead of the competition in terms of quality anime content. AnimixPlay is designed to fill this gap and bring dedicated anime content of a wide variety to its viewers. It might come as a surprise that it includes some of the leading paid streaming platforms like Amazon Prime and Netflix, which have rather limited content for anime-lovers. However, it is still not that easy to find dedicated anime content on even the best-streaming sites and apps. Streaming apps have evolved a great deal in the past few years. We have provided direct link full setup of the game. Hard Disk Space: 8GB of free space required.Ĭlick on the below button to start Call of Duty World at War.Operating System: Windows XP/Vista/7/8/8.1/10.System Requirements of Call of Duty World at Warīefore you start Call of Duty World at War Free Download make sure your PC meets minimum system requirements. 6.08K subscribers DOWNLOAD CALL OF DUTY 5: WORLD AT WAR FULL VERSION WITHOUT PAYING A PENNY THIS IS THE FIFTH INSTALLMENT OF THE COD SERIES - FAMOUS MAINLY FOR FEATURING THE ACTIONS OF WORLD WAR. New infantry and vehicle based action added.For easy to use mobile users there is a great feature for them so a Windows Mobile version was also. Face the unique enemies and combat varieties. The Black Ops storyline shows the first title of the game.Need to survive the most torturous and climactic battles ever.Experience most chaotic WWII combat ever.Build on Call of Duty 4 Modern Warfare engine. You can also download Call of Duty 2.įollowing are the main features of Call of Duty World at War that you will be able to experience after the first install on your Operating System. All in all Call of Duty World at War is a gripping action game which will test your tactical skills. Call of Duty World at War has introduced co-op play thus bringing fresh meaning to No One Fights Alone. The multiplayer mode has also been improved with the addition of new infantry as well as vehicle based action. You will be facing unique enemies and combat variety which includes Banzai charges, ambush attacks and Kamikaze fighters. You need to survive the most torturous and climactic battles that led to the death of the Axis powers on the Pacific and European fronts. You can also download Call of Duty WWII.Ĭall of Duty World at War has been build on the Call of Duty 4 Modern Warfare engine in which you will experience most chaotic WWII combat ever. This game was released on 18 th November, 2008. Call of Duty World at War PC Game 2008 OverviewĬall of Duty World at War has been developed by Treyarch and is published under the banner of Activision. Call of Duty: World at War has had 0 updates within the past 6 months. Call of Duty World at War Setup Free Download PC Game setup in single direct link for Windows. Download Call of Duty: World at War for Windows to update your instance of Call of Duty: World at War v1.5 to v1.6. I was like 'OMFG OMG OMG I AM DYING' something like that. when I first heard that Viewfinder will have an ANIME/OVA. I would NOT recommend this if you: are an animation elitist, want character development, are here for plot, are invested in genuine characters in genuine relationships I would recommend this if you: want a crappy modern version of Ai no Kusabi, like kinky shizz, are into power dynamics, really like seme-uke If you're not feeling the animation, check out the manga. This honestly has close to no plot or anything to do with mafia style stuff- it's just the convenient premise for an uneven power dynamic.Īll in all, I feel like this is a very niche anime and it will appeal to the people who are into kinky yaoi. If you're into that kinda thing, I would suggest Ai No Kusabi, which presents a very compelling and well-written story about toxic dependence.įOR THOSE MAFIA AU FANS: GET AWAY! This will ruin your love for mafia shit. There is no friction, no character development, no nothing. Or what the characters consider that to be anyways. It jumps straight from rape to being in love. There is no gradual or mentally unstable dependence or 'love' in this. Did I mention the uke is pretty tsundere too? And the seme doesn't know the meaning of the word 'no', is a rapist, and has no refractory period whatsoever? Yep, you heard it here folks! Go ahead and give this a try.įOR TOXIC RELATIONSHIP JUNKIES: I love myself some good angst and friction in an unhealthy fictional couple, but this isn't what you want. It has a classic seme and uke, some jealousy thrown in, and a good bit of kink. Now, FOR THE YAOI FANS: This is your cup of tea. I only kept watching because I was reassured by the fact that it was only two episodes and that I would finish in no time at all. Overall, I have to say for the first half of the first episode I was pretty bored and wondering if I should even continue watching this. However, like every classic uke, our main character completely neglects this fact and starts to take this 'relationship' with his abuser seriously and starts to depend on him. Not basically, scratch that- he IS a rapist. There was an interesting 'villain', but when looking at the main love interest for the uke, you come to terms with the fact that he's basically a rapist. With the characters, I'm not sure where to start. At the most serious and trying of times for our dear uke, the music is an upbeat elevator-style instrumental, and a lot of the time it just felt like a fan animated manga bit on youtube. Not even joking, the frames were pretty much copy-pasted. THIS IS NOT FULLY ANIMATED! If you're obsessed with animation and everything being smooth and well done, step away! This is mostly just colored and slightly animated (a limb here and there, lips) manga frames. I've been reading the manga and other than strange proportions in the semes' shoulders at times, most everything is drawn alright. Overall, for a mafia AU, this was a little sad. But I suppose it's so cliche that it kinda is, to an extent. In other aspects, it entirely skips over the plot that should be there and continues with the so-called 'romance', as if the actual story is self-explanatory. Cool, then why isn't that shown? It seems like a plot hole when it's blatantly not covered. Do police not exist in this world? Some may make the argument that this is a mafia AU, so the police are possibly corrupt. The storyline starts off interesting, but it quickly delves into a realm of the unexplainable. If you're here and you are a.) a yaoi fan b.) a fan of fictional toxic relationships or c.) a fan of 'mafia' style anime, this review is for you.įirst of all, I'll start by addressing the elements of the show objectively. It was recommended to me by a friend, who said that it wasn't a great show overall but it had some interesting aspects. In Knight Online you can select any class of individuals you want from Warriors, Rogues, Priests and Magicians and make your own clans by making online friends or alliances etc. Experience points in the game can be used to buy different upgrades, for example you can buy weapons, magical spells and different fighting techniques etc. Anybody who wins in a battle or completes the task wins the game and gains experience points. You can challenge game AI’s in different battles or different game tasks. The game lets you go further into the game world by collecting the XP (Experience Points) by Melee attacking and killing the monsters living in game world or by engaging in combats with your rival nation individuals. El Morad and Karus are two different nations with different appearances and living standards and they both live on different terrains. Once inside the game world it is necessary to choose a side of either El Morad’s or Karus’s. Just like other online MMORPG video games, you get into the game world by choosing and decorating your online avatar. Knight Online, a Freemium Action-Adventure and MMORPG video game developed by MGame Corporation and published by MGame, eGames, and NTT Games for Microsoft Windows only. Try it out and you’ll definitely like playing Last Chaos. Last Chaos provides you with lots of amazing things like different weapons, magical spells and combat techniques along with a really great story-line and fantastic graphic details. You can also make alliances with other online players as well to attack your enemies with all the might collected into one massive power. Just like other online MMORPG games, you can go on different quests and adventures in order to fight against the monsters, kill them or capture them. Once the character modification is completed, you can get into the game world and join either the Apollons or Eres for your own splendor. As usual the game approves your admittance to the game world by creating a 3D avatar for you and allows you to choose between the characters of Sorcerers, Rouges, titans, mages or healers. Last Chaos, developed and published by Aeria Games in collaboration with Gamigo is another Action-Adventure and Massively Multiplayer Online – Role Playing Game (MMORPG) available to play on PC (Microsoft Windows) only. Cabal Online offers beautiful visuals, amazing quests, immersive game-play and loads of amazing stuff to discover. With an awesome game world, all the amazing characters such as Warriors, Bladers, Wizards, Force Archers, Force Shielders and Force Bladers, Cabal Online offers unique skills and abilities for each and every single one of them and lets you enjoy the game to the limits. It lets you use gold coins to buy things and if you are out of the Gold coins, you can always buy them using the real currency and enjoy a truly epic and different kind of experience. The freemium element of the game offers a unique business model that enables you to trade in the game for any of the upgrades and stuff. With amazing PvP and PvE events, epic battles, exploration and boss battles, Cabal Online is a wonderful game to play. Your task is to go against the evil forces that are plunging Nevareth into darkness and eliminate the evil minions who have invaded the world and are destroying it rapidly. Developed by ESTSoft Corp, Cabal Online takes you to the devastated world of Nevareth and lets you be Faust, one of the eight survivors of the Cabal. The game provides with superbly crafted 3D graphics and a lot of other things that are enough to entertain you enough.Ĭabal Online is Freemium 3D MMORPG video game from Korean Origins. Rune Scape does not have any story to follow so you get a free hand to set your own goals and objectives, follow your instincts and act as you please. You can always choose to fight against the monsters, complete different quests and adventures or can increase your XP (Experience Points) in available skills. You can also interacts with other players, engage in combats with monsters, capture and train them and build structures, fields etc. You can get into the game world by creating your 3D avatar and travel to various locations via different methods like walking, magic spells or ships etc. The game is set in the virtual world of Gielinor a medieval era realm that is divided into a number of cities, regions and kingdoms. With a strength of 200 million registered users, the game has won the Guinness World Record of the worlds most played and updated MMORPG video game. RuneScape an award winning production of Jagex Games Studio is a fantasy based Massively Multiplayer Online – Role Playing Game (MMORPG) Available to play on Java and HTML 5 supported browser based platforms. Save time and money by accessing tens of thousands of bulk and wholesale supplies, all in one place in the Bulk Supply store.Over the past several years, we have assisted many customers how to properly configure Finale to properly update stock quantities to their selling channels. There are no commitments, obligations, or fees, and you can cancel a recurring delivery at any time. Recurring Delivery: This tool offers you the convenience of automatic deliveries in addition to competitive pricing and free standard shipping. For even larger quantities, customers can request pricing from all selling partners who offer a specific product. Paper towels We make it easy for our selling partners to list up to five pricing tiers for their products. Quantity Discounts: Save even more when you buy multiple units at once. Here’s how bulk buying works.Īmazon Business tools for bulk buying on eligible orders/products. Guide to buying in bulk with Amazon Businessīuying in bulk is easy with the tools Amazon Business customers have access to and the thousands of supplies available for purchase in bulk quantities. Smaller Orders: Retailers are able to purchase smaller quantities from wholesalers allowing them to effectively meet demand, manage inventory levels, and reduce storage costs. In the example above, the retailer is saving $5 per unit by buying from a wholesaler versus going direct to the manufacturer with their small quantity order. There are multiple benefits for you to consider when purchasing larger quantities:īuying Efficiencies: When businesses find wholesaler(s) that provide reliable inventory and sharp pricing, they cuts out the need to interact with manufacturers who typically have no available inventory on hand and often have long lead times for production.Ĭheaper Pricing: Because wholesalers are buying large quantities at discounted rates, they are able to pass savings to retailers. Amazon, Amazon Business, and big-box stores are examples of where you can buy in bulk.īenefits of buying from a wholesaler or in bulk Retailers or consumers based on their need can make this type of purchase. In the end the manufacturer, wholesaler, and retailer make a profit on each phase of the supply chain.īulk buying refers to the purchase of multiple quantities of product in exchange for a lower price per unit. The Wholesaler then sells the retailer 1,000 widgets for $10 per widget. A wholesaler orders 100,000 widgets and the manufacturer charges $5 per widget. Wholesalers have the ability to meet demand from multiple customers at a time, making a profit on each sale.Ī retailer orders 1,000 widgets and the manufacturer charges $15 per widget. It is cost prohibitive for manufacturers to produce small quantities of product because the cost to start up their machines is the same for 100 units or 200,000. A wholesaler’s ability to store large quantities of product is key to securing discounted rates from a manufacturer. The term wholesale refers to a type of business that purchases large quantities of product directly from a manufacturer and/or distributor, stores the product in their own warehouse, then sell the product in smaller quantities to retailers or consumers. Let’s dive in and review the differences. Like other businesses involved in supply chains, end goal is to move product from one point to another.Ī common question we get is, “What is the difference between wholesale and bulk?” They are actually quite different but tend to be confused. Manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and retailers play important roles in this process. The process for getting products to consumers can often involve multiple sources and a sometimes-complex web of touchpoints known as a supply chain. In this model each of the majorfunctional blocks have been separated into macromodel subcircuits, grouping sim-ilar types of component together. 1 illustrates the new Qucs 555 timer model. In no way is an attemptmade to simulate the actual 555 timer circuitry.įigure 1: 555 Timer functional block diagram.įig. Ternally, the macromodel simply processes input signal information and outputssignals, in the correct format, to the device output pins. An interview with Hans Camenzind - The designer of the mostsuccessful integrated circuit ever developed, ĢNow part of the Philips organisation.3Recent manufacturing volumes indicate that the 555 timer is as popular as ever, with forĮxample, Samsung (Korea) producing over one billion devices in 2003 see Wikipedia entry atĤTypically between ground and a voltage close to power rail VCC. Moreover, while developing the Qucs555 model every attempt has been made to reduce the number of p-n junctions toa minimum, yielding both model simplicity and reduced circuit simulation times.The approach adopted is centred on established macromodelling techniques wheresignals at the timer device pins accurately model real device signals but internalmacromodel signals often bare no relation to those found in an actual device. The pur-pose of the work reported in this tutorial note has been to develop a 555 timermodel from scratch which simulates efficiently, and is based only on the circuitcomponents implemented in Qucs 0.0.10. The current Qucs release does not include a model for the 555 timer. A block diagram of the main functionalelements that comprise the 555 timer is illustrated in Fig. At the heart of the 555 timer are twocomparators and a set-reset flip flop. These models usually include a numberof p-n junctions and non-linear controlled sources, making simulation times longerthan those obtained with simpler models. Most of thepopular simulators include some form of 555 timer model, either built-in or as asubcircuit, which functions to some degree. Such rapid changes can be thecause of simulator DC convergence and transient analysis errors. During circuit operation it switchesrapidly between two very different DC states4. The 555 timer is a difficult device to simulate. Byadding one or two external resistors and one capacitor the device can function asa monostable or astable pulse oscillator. The primary purpose of the 555 timer isthe generation of accurately timed single pulse or oscillatory pulse waveforms. The 555 timer is one of the first examples of a mixed mode IC circuit that includesboth analogue and digital components. Today it is still usedin a wide range of circuit applications. Over the last 30 plusyears more than ten different semiconductor chip production companies have made555 parts, making it one of the most popular ICs of all time3. The device was originally called TheIC time machine and given the part number SE555/NE555. Camenzind in 19701 and first producedby Signetics during the period 1971-19722. A copy of the license is included inthe section entitled GNU Free Documentation License. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under theterms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later versionpublished by the Free Software Foundation. Okapis are diurnal and live alone, in pairs, or in small family groups, but relatively little is known about their social structure, largely because of their remote habitat and timid nature. The okapi is now endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in central Africa, where they inhabit dense damp forests on both sides of the Congo River. At least 2000 giraffes are maintained in captivity, making the captive population self-sustaining.ĭiscovered by science only as recently as 1901, the okapi was the last large African mammal species to be described. With an estimated 80,000 animals left in the wild, the giraffe is classified by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as a species “Of Least Concern.” However, several of the subspecies are now considered “Endangered” (e.g., West African and Rothschild). Subadult males are social, whereas mature males become more solitary. Giraffes are sociable animals usually found in dynamic, ever-changing groups, the most stable of which are those composed by mothers and their young. Adult giraffes are rarely preyed upon by predators, but calf mortality is high. Once widespread across the African continent, giraffes are now largely confined to national parks and game farms in eastern and southern Africa, with scattered populations in west Africa.īecause of its height, the giraffe has access to browse unavailable to other species and thus may coexist with grazers and smaller browsers and even livestock. rothschildi), and the Masai giraffe ( G.c. The subspecies most commonly held by zoos are the reticulated giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata), the Rothschild giraffe ( G.c. Up to nine races or subspecies of giraffe have been described, although genetic research and the fact that distinct morphologic distinctions between groupings exist despite the lack of physical boundaries have led some authorities to consider several distinct species. Giraffids first arose eight million years ago during the Miocene period, and fossil evidence suggests that the family was once much more extensive, with over 10 fossil genera described. Two species exist within the artiodactylid family of Giraffidae the giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis) and the okapi ( Okapia johnstoni). |